New SAT vs ACT Comparison Charts

New SAT versus ACT Comparison Charts SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT and the ACT are both recentlyunderwentupdates: the ACT got another composing test and some minor substance tweaks,whilethe SAT was completely updated. With this change, it tends to be hard to monitor everything. I've made some basic diagrams that layout the essential contrasts in structure and substance forthe new SAT versus the ACT. This post isn't far reaching, nonetheless, so for a more top to bottom conversation of the contrasts between the updatedversions of the two tests, you should investigate our full breakdown here. Picture: Zach Stern/Flickr General Test Structure As you'll find in the diagram underneath, the overhauled SAT isradically smoothed out there are presently just four areas and the scoring has come back to the first 400-1600 (rather than the 600-2400 scale utilized from 2005-2015). An inappropriate answer punishment has likewise beeneliminated. The ACT group, in the interim, is essentiallythe same. The article is marginally more, be that as it may. New SAT ACT Absolute Time 3 hrs (in addition to 50 min for article) 2 hrs 55 min (in addition to 40 min for article) Number of segments 4 or more article 4 or more article Segments Perusing: 65 min Composing and Language: 35 min Math (No adding machine): 25 min Math (with adding machine): 55 min Discretionary article: 50 min English: 45 min Math: 60 min Perusing: 35 min Science: 35 min Discretionary article: 40 min Scoring Two segment scores, Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (incorporates Reading and Writing and Language) and Math, on a 200-800 scale joined for an all out score from 400-1600 Four segment scores scaled from 1-36 arrived at the midpoint of for a composite from 1-36 Wrong answer punishment? No No Perusing Since the new SAT incorporates just long entries and the ACT as of late included combined entries, the two tests' perusing areas have gotten substantially more comparable. In any case, there are still some significant contrasts in the sorts of inquiries they pose: the proof inquiries on the upgraded SAT are particularly not quite the same as ACT readingquestions. New SAT ACT Time 65 min 35 min Arrangement 4 single entries and 1 sets, 10-11 inquiries each 4 entries, possibly including 1 combined section, 10 inquiries each # of inquiries 5 entries, 52 inquiries 4 entries, 40 inquiries Time per entry/question 13 min/75 sec 8 min, 45 sec/53 sec Entry types 1 U.S. or on the other hand World Literature, 2 History or Social Studies, 2 Science 1 Prose Fiction or Literary Narrative, 1 Social Sciences, 1 Humanities, 1 Natural Sciences Question types Primary Idea, Vocab-in-Context, Inference, Evidence Support, Data Reasoning, Technique, Detail-Oriented Primary Idea, Vocab-in-Context, Inference, Detail-Oriented Key abilities Understanding appreciation, construing thoughts, recognizing proof Understanding appreciation, construing thoughts, finding subtleties SAT Writing and Language/ACT English SAT Writing and Language (previously SAT composition) is the other SAT area that the overhaul made uniquely increasingly like itsACT equal. The College Board jettisoned Identifying Sentence Errors and the remainder of its one of a kind inquiry styles for an ACT-style section structure. Notwithstanding, the new SAT composing area despite everything does exclude the master plan association and fundamental thought questionsthat the ACT English segment does. New SAT ACT Time 35 min 45 min Organization 4 entries, 11 inquiries each 5 entries, 15 inquiries each Absolute # of inquiries 44 inquiries 75 inquiries Time per entry/question 8 min, 45 sec/48 sec 9 min/36 sec Content Standard English Conventions: 20 inquiries (45%), covering sentence structure, shows of use, and shows of accentuation Articulation of Ideas: 24 inquiries (55%), covering advancement, association and compelling language use Utilization and Mechanics: sentence structure (20-25%), syntax and use (15-20%), and accentuation (10-15%) Logical Skills: style (15-20%), methodology (15-20%), and association (10-15%) Key Skills Understanding syntax rules, communicating thoughts unmistakably, interfacing sentences sensibly Understanding syntax rules, associating sentences consistently, perceiving by and large structure and contention Math The upgraded SAT math segment centers around a constrained arrangement of subjects, basically variable based math. The reduced nearness of geometry sets the new SAT math segment separated from the one on the ACT, which is still approximately a third geometry and trigonometry questions. Updated SAT math additionally includesa no-adding machine segment, a critical number of information investigation issues, and less complex wording for questions. New SAT ACT Time 80 min 60 min Arrangement Separated in to two segments No number cruncher: 20 inquiries (4 network ins), 25 min With number cruncher: 38 inquiries (9 network ins), 55 min 1 segment, all inquiries various decision Absolute # of inquiries 58 inquiries 60 inquiries Time per question No adding machine: 75 sec With adding machine: 87 sec 1 min Content Heart of Algebra - 33% Critical thinking and Data Analysis - 28% Visa to Advanced Math - 29% Extra Topics in Math - 10% Pre-polynomial math - 20-25% Rudimentary variable based math - 15-20% Middle of the road variable based math - 15-20% Facilitate geometry - 15-20% Plane geometry - 20-25% Trigonometry - 5-10% Key Skills Doing basic figurings without an adding machine, interpreting word issues, breaking down information Retaining recipes, deciphering word issues, working rapidly without making mistakes Science The overhauled SAT despite everything doesn't have a different science area, yet it incorporates science inquiries in each of the three of different areas. Those inquiries are essentially centered around understanding diagrams and charts, while ACT science tests a more extensive scope of aptitudes. New SAT ACT Time N/A 35 min Configuration No particular area, 2 entries in perusing (21 inquiries), 1 entry in Writing (6 inquiries), and 8 inquiries in Math ~7 sections, with 5-7 inquiries each All out # of inquiries 35 inquiries 40 inquiries Time per section/question Changes by segment 5 min/53 sec Content Changes by segment Information Representation - 30-40% Examination Summaries - 45-55% Clashing Viewpoints - 15-20% Key Skills Understanding logical thoughts, understanding diagrams and charts Doing straightforward counts without an adding machine, understanding outlines and diagrams, investigating test plan SAT Essay/ACT Writing The ACT composing area (the article) is the one piece of thetestthat'sundergone significant changes. You're despite everything gave an issue and requested your feeling on it, but on the other hand you're given three perspectiveson the subjects and requested to break down them. The new SAT exposition, then again, ismore like the sort of papers you write in English class: the brief requests that you peruse and dissect a convincing article. New SAT ACT Time 50 min 40 min Discretionary? Truly Truly Configuration Given an exposition or article and requested to break down the writer's contention Given 3 perspectives on a theme and requested to break down those thoughts just as contend for your own point of view Evaluating Critera Composing, Reading, and Analysis Thoughts and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions Scoring Given a score from 2-8 for each measurement Score from 1-12, in view of normal of scores from the four spaces What's Next? On the off chance that you despite everything have inquiries regarding the updated SAT, look at our fullbreakdown of the progressions to the test. Still uncertain about whether to takethe SAT or the ACT?Check out our test! What's more, on the off chance that you are intending to take the new SAT, don't freeze! Investigate these five reasons the progressions aren't as large of an arrangement as you would might suspect and get an encouraging start on preparingwith our fundamental examination control. Need to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've composed a guide for each test about the main 5 systems you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point:

Population Statistics Of Mexico Essays - Mexico, Rain,

Populace Statistics of Mexico Mexico is a developing nation, what population's identity is' steadily expanding consistently by around 3? percent every year. In 1940, the populace was recorded at 19,654,000 individuals. This populace at that point expanded to 25,791,000 individuals in 1950. This shows a development of 6,137,000 individuals in only a decade. The populace in 1960 was then recorded at 34,923,000 individuals. This new raise showed a development of 9,132,000 individuals in one more decade. In 1970, the populace developed to 48,377,000 individuals; an ascent of 13,45,400 individuals in ten years. The number of inhabitants in 1980 was recorded at 67,382,000 individuals. This showed an ascent of 19,005,000 individuals, in multi decade. The current populace in 1990 at 88,598,000 individuals indicated an ascent of 21,216,000 individuals in only ten years! The year 2000's estimation of the number of inhabitants in Mexico is set at 107,233,000 individuals. That would mean an ascent of 18,635,000 individuals in 10 years, demonstrating that the populace development rate is gradually diminishing. The development pace of Mexico is the aftereffect of its customarily high birth rate, and its pointedly diminished demise rate. A lot more individuals are being conceived, than kicking the bucket. This causes an incredible increment in populace every year. Since the 1930's, improved day to day environments and extended wellbeing administrations has cut the demise rate by the greater part, consequently making the populace increment consistently since the 1940's. Maybe now the Government's as it were boss issue is attempting to give lodging , occupations, and schools for the quickly expanding populace. Along these lines the administration has attempted to tell individuals to restrain the sum kids they have (albeit no law has been set under act.) Another purpose behind populace increment in the previous 60 years is expected to the way that most of Mexico's populace is Roman Catholic. Furthermore, in this religion, no contraception is worked on, prompting numerous undesirable pregnancies, and an expansion in populace. Families likewise incline toward having more kids, so they can take a shot at the fields for them, and get cash. This additionally causes an ascent in populace. In the territory of looking at the ordered information of Canada, the United States of America, and Mexico, Mexico's ascent was incredibly extreme contrasted with the other two nations. Canada and the United States of America had moderately a similar vertical trip, going from around 100-250 (Canada being the greater expanded one). Mexico's anyway went from 100 as far as possible up to 550, which is appeared on the chart. The times of increased birth rates, wellness blasts, and the various prevailing fashions expanded the populace development pace of Canada and the United States of America, however had no correlation with the tremendous development of Mexico. Mexico started it's significant increment during the mid 1970's, and still presently can't seem to begin hindering it's development rate. Mexico's development rate will remain around the equivalent for the following scarcely any years, possibly easing back down somewhat, due to the effect of the downturn, which presented numerous issues, for each nation in the world. Mexico involves one million, 900 twenty-3,000 and forty square kilometers. Its atmosphere ranges from Tropical (in the southerly locales) to abandon (in the more North-Eastern areas). As per the 1990 populace evaluation, it has a populace of 88.598 million individuals. It has a normal populace of around forty-seven individuals for every square kilometer. The vast majority of Mexico's populace is situated in South-Central Mexico, around Mexico City (Mexico's Capital City). This particular piece of Mexico has over 100 individuals for every square kilometer. This zone ranges from about. 200 meters to roughly 500 meters above ocean level. In the sub-tropical territory of Mexico with a great deal of level land and great soil for horticulture. There are numerous purposes behind most of Mexico's populace being situated here and not elsewhere in the nation. One of the fundamental reasons is atmosphere. In the Northern zones, there is a desert atmosphere with next to no or no downpour. In the zone where the primary populace is found, there is a sub-tropical atmosphere that has unmistakable wet and dry seasons however still gives a decent measure of yearly precipitation. This prompts another explanation which is accessibility of water (because of tropical and sub- tropical atmosphere). Because of an inundation of condition dirtying enterprises alongside the nation's (occasionally) unforgiving condition, quite a bit of Mexico's water flexibly is exceptionally dirtied. Water is required forever and there for where there is no water, there is no life. In the desert territories, there is fundamentally no water. When there is water up here, it is unreasonably contaminated for utilization. In the focal (rugged) zones

Cost of Debt Bias Free Essays

Obligation is ceaseless 2. likelihood of default is 6 in every period. The likelihood is the equivalent in each period 3. We will compose a custom article test on Cost of Debt Bias or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now On the off chance that default happens, bondholders get p division of the face (head) esteem f the bond in addition to gathered intrigue. 4. Bond is sold at standard, I. e. , the bonds beginning value rises to its chief worth. . On the off chance that the bond doesn't default, the bondholders get the guaranteed coupon installment. 6. Rebate rates are consistent after some time. Toward the beginning of every period where the bond presently can't seem to default, the bonds cost must approach its underlying cost. Why? Toward the beginning of period 1, the security vows to pay an interminable arrangement of intrigue installments and with a 6 likelihood of default and an ecovery pace of p; toward the beginning of period 100, if the security never defaulted in the past 99 periods, the security vows to pay a never-ending arrangement of intrigue installments and with a 6 likelihood of default and an a recuperation pace of p. A similar proclamation is valid for any dates later on. In this way, the cost will be the equivalent at all dates later on. Accordingly, if the bond doesn't default toward the finish of the period, toward the finish of a period, it is worth P + rYTM P; if the bond defaults toward the finish of an eriod, it is worth y(P + rYTM P). The most effective method to refer to Cost of Debt Bias, Papers

Cormac Mccarthys Novel The Road English Literature Essay

Cormac Mccarthys Novel The Road English Literature Essay These were the splitting expressions of a perishing fathers final gasp to his cherished youthful child as his time on what survived from earth was gradually blurring ceaselessly. In Cormac McCarthys tale The Road, the dad and his child are going towards the south in a dystopian setting with just the idea of conveying the fire inside their souls. The term conveying the fire is McCarthys method of saying that the dad and child need to continue with their excursion regardless of the hardships they face and to carry on the fire of what mankind was. The fire speaks to the affection that they feel for one another and their quality that is pushing them forward to continue with their excursion toward the south. The fire can likewise speak to their expectation and confidence in an abhorrent and rotting world. Another contention would be that fire can likewise be spoken to as the humankind that is left alive. In Cormac McCarthys epic, The Road, all through the excursion the child is depicted a s the dads inward fire. The dads undying affection for his child is the thing that invigorates him the to continue with their travel and endure. The affection that the dad and child feel for one another is apparent to the perusers all through the novel, The Road, without them expressing the three worded sentence. This is demonstrated through the discussion the two had during another of their fretful evenings. Would i be able to ask you something? Indeed. Obviously you can. What might you do on the off chance that I kicked the bucket? In the event that you passed on I would need to bite the dust as well. So you can be with me? Truly. So I could be with you. OK. (McCarthy, Pg.11). Likewise, the dad, saw as both the original dad and mother, consistently put his child first with regards to food, warmth, and security. The dad ignores his wellbeing over his children. He got up hacking and exited so as not to wake the youngster. He hacked till he could taste the blood (McCarthy, Pg.54) They had a solitary cover in the pack and he got it out and secured the kid with it and he unfastened his parka and held the kid against him (McCarthy, Pg.67). All through the novel, perusers can obviously observe the dad battling with himself, thinking about whether he would have the quality in him to pull the trigger discharging the one residual shot, murdering his own fragile living creature and blood to let him bite the dust staying guiltless and safe/spoiled from the grip of what humankind has showed into. Would you be able to do it? When the opportunity arrives? At the point when the opportunity arrives there will be no time. Right now is an ideal opportunity. Revile God and bite the dust. Imagine a scenario where it doesnt fire. It needs to fire. Imagine a scenario in which it doesnt fire. Would you be able to smash that adored skull with a stone? Is there such a being inside you of which you know nothing? Will there be? Hold him in your arms. Just so. The spirit is snappy. Pull him toward you. Kiss him . Rapidly. ( ) this statement uncovers the dads ground-breaking love for his child, needing him to pass on easily; as yet being simply the hero while he would endure what the polluted world tossed at him. Obviously, the affection that the dad and child share is incredible. Its what guides them out and about. It invigorates them the to proceed and proceed onward in any event, when they are at passings doorstep. Sooner or later, the dads solidarity to endure starts to gradually leak out of him, wishing it could simply be finished, however the kid brings back his dads soul and quality. Whats the most daring thing you could possibly do? he spat into the street a bleeding mucus. Getting up today he said. Truly? No. Dont hear me out. Please, gives up. (McCarthy, Pg.272). All through the novel, The Road, the child is viewed as the glimmer of light in a diminishing world, speaking to trust. The way he entire heartedly accepts and has confidence in the heroes and going about as his dads ethics gives the dad the expectation and confidence he needs to proceed with their excursion and to convey the fire. Again and again, regardless of the depression, sadness and absence of expectation, the young men goodness sparkles out splendidly in a dark and dim world, for instance when the criminal took their possessions from the sea shore, the kid prevented his dad from harming him and beseeched him to leave some food and garments for the hoodlum. As the novel advances, the dads confidence begins to falter concerning his circumstance in the dystopian world they are venturing through. The setting of The Road assumes a significant job in letting the dad consistently battle to keep his confidence in mankind and god. He addresses god and straightforwardly uncovers his sc orn towards god and his conditions by saying, Have you a neck by which to choke you? Have you a heart? Damn you interminably have you a spirit? Gracious God. (McCarthy, Pg.11-12). At long last, in any case, its his child who makes him see the minuscule flash of light and that you can generally convey that expectation even in very troublesome occasions. Through the dads eyes, the kid is viewed as a divine resembling figure. The manner in which the dad talks about his child is flooding with strict references towards god. He says, If he isn't the Word of God, at that point God never talked. (McCarthy, Pg.5). Another reference would be the point at which He sat next to him and stroked his pale and tangled hair. Brilliant goblet, great to house a God. (McCarthy, Pg.75). the kid lets the dad despite everything have that feeling of confidence in god by accepting that he was selected by god to look out for him and ensure him. My main responsibility is to deal with you. I was delegated to do that by God. I will murder any individual who contacts you. Do you get it? (McCarthy, Pg.77). Despite the fact that the dad resents god, as a result of his child, he despite everything has faith in him. The fire in the novel, The Road, can be alluded to as the fire of mankind that has been left alive despite everything consuming inside their souls. The child draws out that smidgen of humankind in his dads heart. All through The Road, the young men responses and arguing to help the individuals who they meet during their excursion shows how the child and his dad go about as foils towards each other. A model would be the point at which the man doesnt show any blame or regret for leaving the individuals secured up in the storm cellar. He rather feels alleviation for effectively getting his child and himself out of there, anyway the kid is vexed that they didnt endeavor to support them, much the same as when his dad didnt let him help the man struck by thunder or the young man and pooch he ran over. Its hard for the kid to see how they can be the heroes when there are such a large number of trouble makers out there. He consistently asks his dad whether there really are any others such as themselves, the heroes. The dad is the one driving the kid to develop and get mindful of the world they are in and to see how life will be. The young men kind-heartedness consequently is whats driving the dad to yield and help different survivors rather than continually being careful of them for the young men wellbeing for instance, the elderly person they found out and about named Ely. Through the dads point of view we see that mankind isnt yet cleared out on earth. We additionally observe the decency and honesty in the kid that makes us, the perusers; accept that humanities fire is as yet consuming. The child is depicted as Someone attempting to take care of a vulture broken in the street. at the point when the kid offered food to the elderly person, Ely (McCarthy, Pg.163). This fire of mankind is nevertheless a flash of light in a dystopian world, anyway it gives is and the dad a feeling that there is promise for humankind.

School Security: Safe but Subtle Essay -- essays papers

School Security: Safe yet Subtle The most notorious and destructive demonstration of viciousness to happen in a U.S. school were the occasions of April 20, 1999. In Littleton Colorado two adolescents went on a shooting and shelling binge that left 15 dead and 24 injured before they shot and executed themselves. During the frenzy, the two discharged around 900 rounds of ammo from two sawed off shotguns, a 9-mm self-loader carbine, and a self-loader handgun. Police likewise later discovered in excess of 30 bombs put all through the school (Brock, 2001). Considering ongoing demonstrations of viciousness in the nation’s schools, school wellbeing and security have become a hotly debated issue. Be that as it may, the issue of school security goes past understudy brutality. It incorporates property harm, robbery, and whatever else that worries the general prosperity of schools. While it is critical to make a protected situation in schools it is likewise important to ensure understudies feel good in this air. The security can not be oppressive to such an extent that it turns into a negative strategy that hinders the understudies principle objective, learning. Scarcely observable cameras, ID cards, and security monitors without outfits can help produce this safe, yet open to learning condition. Then again metal identifiers and small scale police powers might be excessively suggestive of George Orwell’s tale, 1984, or even present day detainment facilities. School security ought not be domineering or prominent where it impedes an agreeable situation that is helpful for learning in the nation’s schools. Schools are protected spots. Be that as it may, the American open has gotten progressively worried about wrongdoing in schools and the security of understudies. To some extent, this worry has been molded by the exceptionally advertised acts ... ...iew of School Safety Research. Recovered April 28, 2005 from http://nssc1.org/considers/statistic%20resourcespdf.pdf. U.S. Branch of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2002). Are America’s Schools Safe? Understudies Speak Out: 1999 School Crime Supplement. Recovered April 28, 2005 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp/pubid=2002331. U.S. Division of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2003). Pointers of School Crime and Safety; 2003. Recovered April 28, 2005 from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/crime03. Watson, R.J., and Watson, R.S. (2002). The School as a Safe Haven. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. Wright, Joe. (2004). Let’s See Some ID. American School and University, 76(7), 56-57. Recovered April 14, 2005 from Academic Search/EBSCO database. http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&an=12649650.

The Relationship Between Anxiety and Illness

The Relationship Between Anxiety and Illness Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between Anxiety and Illness By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 22, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Thomas Barwick/Getty Images Anxiety and illness often go hand-in-hand. Physical health concerns are worrying on their own, but even more so when you also have mental health problems. Anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder (SAD) tend to be associated with illnesses such as heart disease, gastrointestinal issues, and respiratory illness. Although the relationship between anxiety and illness has been established, it is a bit of a chicken-and-egg scenario as far as the causal relationship between the two. Does anxiety trigger biological processes that lead to physical health problems? Does poor physical health (e.g., migraines or arthritis) lead to anxiety? Or does something else, such as genetic or environmental factors, cause both anxiety and physical health issues? What research has clearly shown is that those who have physical health problems complicated by anxiety tend to have worse symptoms, respond less well to treatment, and are more likely to have fatal illnesses. What the Research Shows Studies of the relationship between anxiety and physical health have generally grouped anxiety disorders together as a whole. Therefore, we dont know, for example, whether someone with social anxiety disorder (SAD) is more likely to suffer from a different type of physical health complaint than someone with panic disorder.Research has shown, however, that those with SAD are more likely to have problems with health in general. A study of 202 Iranian students examined the impact of social phobia on physical health and found that students with social phobia scored lower on measures of general health and vitality.As might be expected, those with chronic respiratory disease such as asthma or COPD have been shown to have higher rates of anxiety. Again, the causal nature of this relationship hasnt been established and is likely complex, but it is reasonable to assume that at least some of the connection involves fear of respiratory failure.Higher rates of anxiety have been linked to the dev elopment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in those diagnosed with gastroenteritis.A connection has been shown between phobic anxiety and sudden cardiac death.People with hypertension, thyroid disease, and cancer have been shown to have higher rates of anxiety.A study of 4,181 individuals found that most people with both anxiety and physical health problems reported developing anxiety first. What This Means for You What do these study results mean for you? If you have been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and also have a physical health problem, talking to your doctor about both issues is important. Those who suffer from both anxiety and physical illness have been shown to have a poorer quality of life, so it is important that you receive treatment to address both your anxiety and physical health concerns. If you suffer from a physical health issue such as IBS, asthma, COPD or heart disease, and have symptoms of anxiety but havent received a formal assessment, you may want to ask your doctor whether this step might be appropriate. If it turns out that you do suffer from an anxiety disorder, your doctor will be able to tailor your treatment program to best suit your needs.

The Aeneid - a Criticism of Rome’s Founding through a Pyrrhic Victory - Literature Essay Samples

The Aeneid, Virgil’s well-known myth about the events leading up to the founding of Rome, curiously seems to contain two distinct voices. While Virgil’s friendship with Augustus (one of Rome’s great emperors) and the historical period may have forced him to write in a politically correct voice, he made sure to incorporate a more private voice that runs contrary to the majority of the text on a literal level. The Aeneid is often praised for its glorification of the Roman Empire because of its suggestion that the city was destined by the gods to be powerful and magnificent. However, upon closer examination of the text, it appears that Virgil may have favored the view of the Roman Empire as a Pyrrhic victory- not worth the high cost that its existence required. Throughout the work, subtleties in Virgil’s diction lend clarity to his critical voice. For example, slight expressions of doubt are often worked into the dialogue. When King Latinus welcomes the Troja ns to his kingdom in Book VII, he tells them that he is familiar with their destiny to found a majestic city, yet ends his declaration by stating, â€Å"Your king’s the man called for by fate, so I conclude, and so I wish, if there is truth in what I presage† (Virgil 7.368-370). Here, Latinus is essentially approving the concept that the Trojans will come onto his land and take over his rule, so it is interesting that such a major decision is infused with doubt. Virgil may be paralleling this uncertainty with his own uncertainty that the divine Roman Empire should have been founded in such a costly manner. Nuances such as these allow Virgil to maintain a sense of skepticism even in the face of the more obvious deification of Rome. A second literary technique Virgil employs to critique his overt message is frequent allusion to past events. A prime example of such an allusion is the retelling of the fall of the Trojans in Book II as a commentary on war in general. Aenea s begins his monologue by addressing Queen Dido: â€Å"Sorrow too deep to tell, your majesty, you order me to feel and tell once more† (Virgil 2.3-4). His opening establishes a somber atmosphere that lasts for the remainder of the story. More importantly, it allows Virgil to quietly establish a key concept behind his criticism- that in order for Rome to be founded, there must be even further devastation. â€Å"Your majesty,† and the entire sentence in general, seems to have a double meaning- Aeneas is literally addressing Queen Dido, while metaphorically addressing the deities that have given Aeneas his mission. Upon continuing the story, Aeneas describes tragedy befalling certain warriors on either side of the war, arousing sympathy within his audience for the entire event. However, it also reveals the animalistic brutality that warfare breeds. Priam- sympathetically described as an â€Å"old man, uselessly [putting] on his shoulders, shaking with old age, armor unus ed for years† (Virgil 2.62-64) is made to witness the slaughter of his own son moments before he is stabbed to death on his altar, â€Å"slipping in the pooled blood of his son† (Virgil 2.718). The rage fermented by warfare even affects the mighty Aeneas, who, upon seeing Helen cowering in a corner of the city, has â€Å"fires [blaze] up in [his] own spirit- a passion to avenge [his] fallen town and punish Helen’s whorishness† (Virgil 2.754-756). Aeneas’ misdirected fury almost causes him to raise a hand against a helpless woman one of the most shameful acts a man in his time could do. Virgil seems to imply that passions inspired in battle can harm even the most honorable of men, possibly foreshadowing and explaining Aeneas’ killing rampage in the end of the poem. If the opening of Aeneas’ retelling of the Trojan War implies that he is also consenting to restart battle when given orders from the gods, the powerful anti-war sentiments in Aeneas’ story can be seen as yet another one of Virgil’s criticisms of the ensuing war to found Rome. In general, the interplay of verifiable historical information with more personal accounts from honorable men from the past creates a believable and appealing foundation for Virgil’s critical views, which are exposed more thoroughly as the text develops. With a base thus established for his analysis of the fight for Rome, Virgil begins to utilize major events that take place within the plot to critique the actions that take place during Aeneas’ mission. One such crucial event in the poem is his journey to the Underworld in Book VI. In order to enter the Underworld, Aeneas must first find a golden bough on a tree and break it off. Earlier, he was told that if it was destined for him to enter, the bough would break off easily, and if he was not, it would not budge. Interestingly, the event is described as follows: â€Å"though it clung, [he] greedily broke it off† (Virgil 6.298). The bough is also described in a surprisingly negative manner as â€Å"a parasite on the trunk it twines around† (Virgil 6.294). This relationship can be investigated on multiple levels, and all seem to point to the bough as symbolizing Rome at the peak of its prosperity. If Aeneas is the tree, the bough seems to be taking all of his efforts for itself, hinting that Rome forces Aeneas (like others) to make sacrifices for its own sake. If the tree is thought of as lands surrounding Rome (the bough), it appears as though Rome takes the wealth and well-being of others to benefit itself certainly a powerful statement against the citys values. Also, since the bough did not break off easily, it is implied that Rome will not be founded without a struggle one involving personal greed like that displayed by Aeneas while seizing the bough. The struggle itself is not even that glorious: the bough will grow back after Aeneas is gone, suggesting that all of his efforts will eventually just be repeated by someone greater than himself. This concept helps Virgil foster a sense of the worthlessness of all the fighting that takes place for Rome’s founding, while the various implied metaphorical relationships between the tree and its golden bough all communicate statements against viewing the founding of Rome as worth its cost. The next part of the journey seems to reinforce this view. Aeneas passes a land of Unburied Souls and sees the soldier that earlier was thrown overboard on their journey to Italy. He also passes Dido, suffering in the Fields of Mourning, and a man who was murdered in Troy. All three of these people remind the reader once again of the great sacrifices that are made for the sake of Aeneas’ mission. Through this portion of Aeneas’ journey, Virgil seems to hint that surely the glory of one empire is not worth the possibility of an entire afterlife of suffering. It seems to put a slightly new p erspective on Aeneas’ mission, implying that earthly prosperity is not the only consequence to take into consideration when analyzing whether the Roman Empire was truly worth its drastic foundations. A second major event within the plot that strengthens the notion that Rome was not worth its price is the outbreak of the war itself. The events that stimulate the actual fighting between the armies are all caused by King Latinus’ peoples fears that their way of life will be neglected and replaced by the values of the intruding Trojans. For instance, Juno sends the Fury Allecto to provoke rage within Queen Amata at the fact that Latinus has agreed to marry their daughter off to Aeneas. Allecto is described as throwing a snake full of venom â€Å"down [Amata’s] bosom to her midriff and her heart,† where it â€Å"[slips] between her gown and her smooth breasts† and causes her to â€Å"[speak] out softly, quite like any mother, shedding hot tears at th e marriage to a Phrygian† (Virgil 7.477-478, 481, 492-494). With this description, Virgil is invoking sensual, sexual, and instinctual appeal to fully communicate the ferocity of Amata. Through this personal example, he seeks to imply that threatening the cultures of others leads to both personal and social destruction, since Amata’s resulting actions help bring about actual battle. Rome is built upon the actions of a foreign army invading upon the Latins. In addition, Rome later is known for invading and conquering foreign cultures. Neither of these premises suggests that Rome is worth the destruction of the societies and individuals in its path. Major events within the epic’s storyline, such as the voyage to the Underworld and the eruption of war in Italy, provide a ground for Virgil to utilize his anti-Roman voice while capturing the reader’s attention so that it may be fully heard. On a smaller scale, certain characters provide some insight into Virg il’s argument against the cost of Rome’s glory particularly female characters that stand apart from the masses of male soldiers and officials. The aforementioned Queen Dido is one of them; Aeneas has to sacrifice his personal relationship with her by leaving her behind when he sails off to find Italy. The agony of Dido’s unrequited love- described as â€Å"a wound or inward fire eating her away†- causes her to commit suicide by burning herself upon a funeral pyre (4.2-3.) The Queen was yet another victim of Aeneas’ undertaking to found Rome- her own personal demise was brought on by his perceived necessity to leave her behind for his quest to Italy. The imagery of fire that is associated with Dido has many complex meanings literally, of course, it is the flames that burn her body on the pyre. Metaphorically, it may refer to the uncontrollable passion within her. On a deeper level, it may refer to the burning of Troy and foreshadow the burning of Carthage that the Roman Empire is later responsible for. In all of these cases, actions by the Trojan (and eventually Roman) men create passions that lead to rampant destruction, sacrifice, and tragedy. If the Roman Empire is built upon such a foundation, how great can it really be? A second key woman, who appears later in the poem, is the great warrior Camilla. Camilla is slaughtered by one of the Trojans when she is distracted by lust for a shiny object. Before she is killed, Camilla’s upbringing is briefly described: she was raised in â€Å"lonely mountains,† breast-fed by a â€Å"wild mare,† and clothed in a â€Å"tiger skin†; she remains a virgin, â€Å"untouched and ever cherished† (11.779, 781, 787, 795). Camilla has a certain appeal to the reader even though she is fighting against the Trojans because she is youthful, innocent, and symbolizes a natural way of life. However, she is tragically prone to corruption by her lust for riches. Her m urder, in addition to representing yet another tragic sacrifice for the sake of Rome, symbolizes the dismissal of a more natural and pure way of life in the pursuit of riches. Virgil, it seems, believed that no amount of shiny objects are worth the sacrifice of purity and a natural manner of living. The culmination of the epic thus leaves the reader with an unexpected feeling: that perhaps the supposedly grand Roman Empire was not worth its Pyrrhic price tag. Beneath the obvious honor and riches that may be won through the fighting, Virgil layers reminders to never forget what lays beneath the empire- a foundation of sacrifice, bloodshed, and tragedy that affects even the most natural and honorable of people.